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Taxes :A tax (also known as a "duty") is a financial charge or other levy imposed on an individual or a legal entity by a state or a functional equivalent of a state (e.g. tribes, secessionist movements or revolutionary movements). Taxes could also be imposed by a sub national entity.
-Stamp duty : Stamp duty is a form of tax that is levied on documents. Typically, a physical stamp (A tax stamp) must be attached to or impressed upon the document to denote that stamp duty has been paid before the document becomes legally effective.
-Progressive tax :It is a type of tax in which the tax rate rises with the rise in income.This is primarily done to subside the poor people by taxing rich people to a much greater extent.
-Direct and indirect taxes : Taxes are sometimes referred to as direct tax or indirect tax. The meaning of these terms can vary in different contexts, which can sometimes lead to confusion. In economics, direct taxes refer to those taxes that are collected from the people or organizations on whom they are ostensibly imposed.
For example, income taxes are collected from the person who earns the income. By
contrast, indirect taxes are collected from someone other than the person ostensibly responsible for paying the taxes.The person or other entity from whom a tax is collected (i.e., the nominal "taxpayer") is a matter of law. However, who "pays" the tax (in the sense of who bears the ultimate economic burden of the tax) is determined by the market place and is found by comparing the price of the good (including tax) after the tax is imposed to the price of the good before the tax was imposed.
For example, suppose the price of gas without taxes, were 2.00 per gallon.
Suppose the government imposes a tax of 0.50 per gallon on the gas.
Forces of demand and supply will determine how that 0.50 tax burden is distributed among
the buyers and sellers. For example, it is possible that the price of gas, after the tax, might be 2.40. In such a case, buyers would be paying 0.40 of the tax while the sellers would be paying 0.10 of the tax.
-Surcharge : If a tax is levied on a tax then it is called surcharge .for example if the tax is 10% and the surcharge is said to be 10% then the resulting tax will be 10+ 10*10/100 = 11%
-Customs tax : A customs duty is a tariff or tax on the import of or export of goods. In England, customs duties were traditionally part of the customary revenue of the king, and therefore did not need parliamentary consent to be levied, unlike excise duties, land tax, or other impositions.
-Cess : The term cess (a shortened form of assess; the spelling is due to a mistaken connection with census), is generally a tax. It is a term formerly more particularly applied to local taxation, in which sense it is still the official term used in Ireland; otherwise it has been superseded by "rate". In India it is applied, with the qualifying word prefixed, to any taxation, such as irrigation-cess , educational cess and the like. In Scotland, it refers to the land value tax.
-Countervailing duties : It is a duty which is used to offset the export subsidies offered for a product by the country of it's origin. For example a country might offer free power to units exporting goods. But this provides unfair advantage to companies in country of origin over those in the destination country. So in order to protect it's units from such unfair practices a country can impose a cvd.
